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INTRODUCTION TO HYPERTENSION: AN OVERVIEW TO THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TO THE HEART

An Overview Hey readers!! I am Sarang More an Edublogger and student. So in today’s video we are going to discuss about the PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of Hypertension. But, but, but before jumping into the actual concept it is very essential to know about the organ or the system in which the actual hypertension will be causing i.e. in heart obviously but more specifically in the arteries or the blood vessels. So in this article we are going to study about the CARDIOLOGY. Coming to the heart, it is relatively small, conical in shape and roughly as the size of one’s fist (not always possible). It is 12cm in length and 9cm in breath and 6cm thick. It weighs 250gm in adult females while in males it weighs about 300gm . The heart rest on diaphragm, near the midline of thoracic cavity known as mediastinum. Actually, the heart is slightly tilted towards left so it is said that heart is positioned to the left side. One more astounding fact about the heart is it is placed inverted in position,
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Pharmaceutical emulsion part IV

  Emulsification PART IV The process of emulsion formation is known as ‘ Emulsification ’. Emulsification is the dynamic and non spontaneous process and energy is required to produce the product (emulsion). It requires considerable amount of mechanical energy to disperse one liquid phase into another. By using various techniques and machinery, the huge droplets are converted into small droplets I. e. droplet deformation, by using fundamental shearing force and centrifugal force. For formation of emulsion three condition must be fulfilled – a)         Existence of surfactant b)       Immiscibility c)        Agitation To form a stable emulsion, an emulsifying agent must be added to the system. v   Theories of Emulsification :-   The theories of Emulsification are used to describe the action of emulsifying agent in the emulsion system. They affects the interface in such a way that to obtain a stable emulsion.   A)       Surface tension theory-   Molecules in a liquid are attracted equally
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Pharmaceutical emulsion p III

  HLB number PART - III Selection of suitable emulsifier according to HLB number. :- To stabilize the emulsion, various types of compound are used such as amphilic polymers,   proteins, particles,   which have good oil water interface. On industrial basis,   the emulsifier is expressed by hydrophile lipophile number (HLB). The HLB number is an index of affinity of surfactant towards a solvent. High HLB number indicates that water affinity is more as compare to oil affinity. A perfect surfactant is used for a emulsion according to the determined number. According to Bancroft rule , a oil soluble surfactant can make more preferably water in oil emulsion and water soluble surfactant can make more accurate oil in water emulsion. The HLB number also reveals the ideal properties of solution like critical miceller concentration (CMC).   Griffin HLB scale equation The equation proposed by Griffin is still commonly used. This equation expresses the structural balance between hydrophilic an
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Pharmaceutical emulsion

  Formulation of emulsion PART II Before jumping into actual concept of emulsion formation, it is very necessary to make up our minds about it. Basically emulsification is the process of making a metastable mixture like water in oil, which eventually separates into two phases in equilibrium. Here we have to create a optimist scenario about emulsification. v   Surface active agents:- The compound due to their chemical structure, have tendency to accumulate at the boundary between two phases are known as surface active agents, Or surfactant Or amphiphiles. Due to adsorption at the interfaces it lowers the interfacial tension between oil and water results in emulsion. Surfactant are classified into three categories- A] hydrophobic ( water hating) surfactant B] hydrophilic ( water loving) surfactant C] amphipathic surfactant The organic compounds like saturated or unsaturated alkanes, alkenes, alkynes heterocyclic Or aromatic compounds are hydrophobic compounds. The hydrophil
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Pharmaceutical emulsion part I

  Disclaimer   Hey readers, this is Sarang More,   a former pharmacy student. This is blog about pharmaceutical emulsion. Yes!   Another important topic in pharmacy.   It had happened due to endless dedication of my professors and Principal sir of my college. I would thank Principal of my college Mr. Jiddewar sir for giving me this opportunity. I would also like to pay my respect to my parents, I would like to thank especially Dr. R. R. Sangpal sir, Mr. Nemade sir for their guidance. I would like to thank Mr.Akshay Kasambe sir, Mrs. Kalyani Pochchhi ma’am ,Mr. Shrikanth Kale sir, and Mrs Lad ma’am for encouraging me. Thank you.    Thank you.   Thank you.   Part I An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible phases, where one phase is dispersed into another. An emulsion can be defined as biphasic system consisting of two immiscible system, one of which is finely and uniformly dispersed as globules throughout the second phase. Alternatively it can also be defined as biphasic li
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