An Overview Hey readers!! I am Sarang More an Edublogger and student. So in today’s video we are going to discuss about the PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of Hypertension. But, but, but before jumping into the actual concept it is very essential to know about the organ or the system in which the actual hypertension will be causing i.e. in heart obviously but more specifically in the arteries or the blood vessels. So in this article we are going to study about the CARDIOLOGY. Coming to the heart, it is relatively small, conical in shape and roughly as the size of one’s fist (not always possible). It is 12cm in length and 9cm in breath and 6cm thick. It weighs 250gm in adult females while in males it weighs about 300gm . The heart rest on diaphragm, near the midline of thoracic cavity known as mediastinum. Actually, the heart is slightly tilted towards left so it is said that heart is positioned to the left side. One more astounding fact about the heart is it is placed inverted in position,
Historical background and
development of profession of pharmacy
Part I
Hey guys, welcome back to the pharmamilestone blog. I am going to post the blogs that are going to help you in terms of your academics. I have done by simplifying the most complex books into simple one. Hope you will like it.
Q.
What is pharmaceutics ?
It is a pharmaceutical science which comprises a drug
to its developmental state.
It mainly encloses discovery, collection, identification,
nomenclature, extraction and developing in required dosage form with least
serious toxicological problems and advantageous pharmacological effects.
Simply pharmaceutics means conversion of raw drug into
medicine by implementing various techniques and machinery.
It is concerned with technological and scientific aspects of design and manufacture of drugs.
· History of pharmacy profession in India in relation to pharma education :-
India was self- sufficient country in all aspects in
British and pre-British period.
The Indian system of pharmacy was led by reputed
personality known as’ Vaid’, depending on plant sources.
Allopathic system was introduced by Britishers.
Later on, it became quite popular among people.
As it was becoming quite popular among people the
tradition of homeopathic and ayurvedic medicines and sources became extinct.
The Bengal chemical and pharmaceutical works was
setup by Acharya P.C. Ray in 1901 in Calcutta.
Prof. T.K. Gujjar set up a small factory in Parel
in 1903 and Alembic chemical works in 1907 at Baroda.
In 1903 a committee was appointed under the
leadership of Col. R. N. Chopra to look after pharmacy profession in India.
Prof. Mahadeva Lal Schroff started a
pharmaceutical education in Banaras Hindu university which lay down the
foundation the for pharmacy professional education in India.
In 1935 united province pharmaceutical
association was setup which was renamed as Indian Pharmaceutical association
later.
In 1939, prof. M.L. Schroff started a Indian
pharmacy journal. The All India Pharmaceutical Congress association was set up
in 1940 to spread the ideology and to create awareness of pharmacy profession
in India.
Drugs act 1950 was adopted for proper discipline and safety of pharmacy profession.
· Industry and organization :-
After declaration of industrial policy in 1950, the
pharmaceutical sector had peeped his head in Indian economy.
Now the time had been fully changed. The tradition of
Vaidas was fully vanished. It was in hands of big established pharmaceutical
companies.
In 1950, 65 domestic and 28 foreign
pharmaceutical units were there in India.
It raised up to 1643 units in 1952 and by the
end of 1989 it strikes up to 12000 units.
By the entry of 2003-04 it increased up to 24000
units because of Globalization.
The total investment was Rs.24 crores
in 1952 which raised up to Rs. 1175 crores in 1989.
By the 2003-04 the total pharmaceutical industry had a
capitalization over Rs. 15000 crores.
Due to immersed development in pharmaceutical field the average life expectancy had increased by 32 – 60 years in India.
- Pharmacy as Career :-
Pharmacy in terms of career has great exposure. One
according to his interest can set up a business or can also look up for
services or job.
The business can also be varied according to his
financial condition. If one has huge budget and financial condition one can set
up a pharmaceutical business, if one has medium budget or have limited finance
then he can set up a wholesale shop or analytical test lab. If a person have
very limited finance then the retail pharmacy shop establishment can be the
best option.
In the view of job one can pursue the most prestigious
job profile of Drug Inspector in government sector or as a grade III pharmacist
in ESIC or RRB or Indian Railways.
The other can work in private sector according to his
qualification and knowledge like QA, QC, packaging, production, etc. The other
private jobs are pharmacovigilance, medical coding ,hospital pharmacist, or
medical writer.
· Introduction to Pharmacopoeias :-
Pharmakon means “a drug” and poeia means “to make”.
Pharmacopoeia means a compressive book which is issued under authority of
government and contains a list of drugs and formulae used for medicinal preparation
and along with its properties with
description with tests for those substances and the standards to which they
must confirm.
- List of official books that are used in India as a pharmacopoeia :-
a. Indian
Pharmacopoeia (I.P)
b. British
Pharmacopoeia (B.P.)
c.
United states Pharmacopoeia (U.S.P.)
d. Chinese
Pharmacopeia
e. International
Pharmacopeia
f.
Japanese Pharmacopeia (J.P.)
g. Martindale
extra Pharmacopoeia
The first edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia was
published in year 1955.
The latest edition of Indian Pharmacopeia was
published in year 2020.
v The
Chronological order of I.P.
First edition in 1955
Second edition in 1966
Third edition in 1985
Fourth edition in 1996
Fifth edition in 2007
Sixth edition in 2010
Seventh edition in 2014
The further information of pharmacopoeia will be
discussed in next blog ….
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